SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Topic map</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Topic map</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Information mapping</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

Topics and fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Business_decision_mapping" title="Business decision mapping">Business decision mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">Graphic communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schema (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

Node–link approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li>

<li><a href="Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive map</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept lattice">Concept lattice</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_map" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">Conceptual graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">Hyperbolic tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Issue-based_information_system" title="Issue-based information system">Issue map</a></li>

<li><a href="Issue_tree" title="Issue tree">Issue tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Layered_graph_drawing" title="Layered graph drawing">Layered graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">Object-role modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathfinder_network" title="Pathfinder network">Pathfinder network</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_tree" title="Radial tree">Radial tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociogram" title="Sociogram">Sociogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">Tree structure</a></li>

<li><a href="ZigZag_(software)" title="ZigZag (software)">ZigZag</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">Design rationale</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagrammatic_reasoning" title="Diagrammatic reasoning">Diagrammatic reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology (philosophy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>topic map</b> is a standard for the <a href="Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">representation</a> and <a href="Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">interchange</a> of knowledge, with an emphasis on the <a href="Findability" title="Findability">findability</a> of information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a way to represent <a href="Back-of-the-book_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-of-the-book index">back-of-the-book index</a> structures so that multiple indexes from different sources could be merged. However, the developers quickly realized that with a little additional generalization, they could create a <a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">meta-model</a> with potentially far wider application. The <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> standard is formally known as <b>ISO/IEC 13250:2003</b>.

</p><p>A topic map represents information using

</p>

<ul><li><i>topics</i>, representing any concept, from people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual files, and events,</li>

<li><i>associations</i>, representing <a href="Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">hypergraph</a> relationships between <i>topics</i>, and</li>

<li><i>occurrences</i>, representing information resources relevant to a particular <i>topic</i>.</li></ul>

<p>Topic maps are similar to <a href="Concept_map" title="Concept map">concept maps</a> and <a href="Mind_map" title="Mind map">mind maps</a> in many respects, though only topic maps are ISO standards. Topic maps are a form of <a href="Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">semantic web</a> technology similar to RDF.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontology_and_merging">Ontology and merging</h2></div>

<p>Topics, associations, and occurrences can all be typed, where the types must be defined by the one or more creators of the topic map(s). The definitions of allowed types is known as the <a href="Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a> of the topic map.

</p><p>Topic maps explicitly support the concept of merging of identity between multiple topics or topic maps. Furthermore, because ontologies are topic maps themselves, they can also be merged thus allowing for the automated integration of information from diverse sources into a coherent new topic map. Features such as subject identifiers (<a href="Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a> given to topics) and PSIs (<i>published subject indicators</i>) are used to control merging between differing taxonomies. Scoping on names provides a way to organise the various names given to a particular topic by different sources.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_standard">Current standard</h2></div>

<p>The work standardizing topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) took place under the umbrella of the <a href="ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_34" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34</a>/WG 3 committee (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34, Working Group 3 – Document description and processing languages – Information Association).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, WG3 was disbanded and maintenance of ISO/IEC 13250 was assigned to WG8.

</p><p><b>The topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) reference model and data model standards</b> are defined independent of any specific serialization or syntax.

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmrm/">TMRM </a> Topic Maps – Reference Model</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/sam/sam-model/">TMDM </a> Topic Maps – Data Model</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_format">Data format</h2></div>

<p>The specification is summarized in the abstract as follows: "This specification provides a model and grammar for representing the structure of information resources used to define topics, and the associations (relationships) between topics. Names, resources, and relationships are said to be characteristics of abstract subjects, which are called topics. Topics have their characteristics within scopes: i.e. the limited contexts within which the names and resources are regarded as their name, resource, and relationship characteristics. One or more interrelated documents employing this grammar is called a topic map."

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XML_serialization_formats">XML serialization formats</h3></div>

<ul><li>In 2000, Topic Maps was defined in an XML syntax XTM. This is now commonly known as "XTM 1.0" and is still in fairly common use.</li>

<li>The ISO standards committee published an updated XML syntax in 2006, XTM 2.0 which is increasingly in use today.</li></ul>

<p><i>Note that XTM 1.0 predates and therefore is not compatible with the more recent versions of the (ISO/IEC 13250) standard.</i>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_formats">Other formats</h3></div>

<p>Other proposed or standardized serialization formats include:

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/cxtm/">CXTM</a> – <b>C</b>anonical <b>X</b>ML <b>T</b>opic <b>M</b>aps format (canonicalization of topic maps)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/ctm/">CTM</a> – a <b>C</b>ompact <b>T</b>opic <b>M</b>aps Notation (not based on XML)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/gtm/">GTM</a> – a <b>G</b>raphical <b>T</b>opic <b>M</b>aps Notation</li></ul>

<p>The above standards are all recently proposed or defined as part of ISO/IEC 13250. As described below, there are also other, serialization formats such as LTM, AsTMa= that have not been put forward as standards.

</p><p>Linear topic map notation (LTM) serves as a kind of shorthand for writing topic maps in plain text editors. This is useful for writing short personal topic maps or exchanging partial topic maps by email. The format can be converted to XTM.

</p><p>There is another format called AsTMa which serves a similar purpose. When writing topic maps manually it is much more compact, but of course can be converted to XTM. Alternatively, it can be used directly with the <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> Module TM (which also supports LTM).

</p><p>The data formats of XTM and LTM are similar to the W3C standards for RDF/XML or the older N3 notation.<sup id="cite_ref-Garshol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garshol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_standards">Related standards</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topic_Maps_API">Topic Maps API</h3></div>

<p>A de facto <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> standard called Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (TMAPI) was published in April 2004 and is supported by many Topic Maps implementations or vendors:

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmapi.org/">TMAPI</a> – Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmapi.org/2.0/">TMAPI 2.0</a> – Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (v2.0)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Query_standard">Query standard</h3></div>

<p>In normal use it is often desirable to have a way to arbitrarily query the data within a particular Topic Maps store. Many implementations provide a syntax by which this can be achieved (somewhat like 'SQL for Topic Maps') but the syntax tends to vary a lot between different implementations. With this in mind, work has gone into defining a standardized syntax for querying topic maps:

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmql/">ISO 18048: TMQL</a> – Topic Maps Query Language</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constraint_standards">Constraint standards</h3></div>

<p>It can also be desirable to define a set of constraints that can be used to guarantee or check the semantic validity of topic maps data for a particular domain. (Somewhat like <a href="Database_constraints" class="mw-redirect" title="Database constraints">database constraints</a> for topic maps). Constraints can be used to define things like 'every document needs an author' or 'all managers must be human'. There are often implementation specific ways of achieving these goals, but work has gone into defining a standardized constraint language as follows:

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmcl/">ISO 19756: TMCL</a> – Topic Maps Constraint Language</li></ul>

<p>TMCL is functionally similar to <a href="RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF Schema</a> with <a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL).<sup id="cite_ref-Garshol_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garshol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_standards">Earlier standards</h3></div>

<p>The "Topic Maps" concept has existed for a long time. The HyTime standard was proposed as far back as 1992 (or earlier?). Earlier versions of ISO 13250 (than the current revision) also exist. More information about such standards can be found at the ISO Topic Maps site.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="RDF_relationship">RDF relationship</h2></div>

<p>Some work has been undertaken to provide interoperability between the W3C's <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>/<a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a>/<a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> family of <a href="Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">semantic web</a> standards and the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>'s family of <i>Topic Maps</i> standards though the two have slightly different goals.

</p><p>The semantic <a href="Expressive_power_(computer_science)" title="Expressive power (computer science)">expressive power</a> of Topic Maps is, in many ways, equivalent to that of <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>, but the major differences are that Topic Maps (i) provide a higher level of <a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">semantic abstraction</a> (providing a template of topics, associations and occurrences, while RDF only provides a template of two arguments linked by one relationship) and (hence) (ii) allow <a href="Arity" title="Arity"><i>n</i>-ary</a> relationships (<a href="Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">hypergraphs</a>) between any number of nodes, while RDF is limited to <a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">triplets</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">Knowledge graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_interoperability" title="Semantic interoperability">Semantic interoperability</a></li>

<li><a href="Topincs" title="Topincs">Topincs</a> – a commercial proprietary topic maps editor</li>

<li><a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isotopicmaps.org">"Home of SC34/WG3 – Information Association"</a>. 3 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee.html?commid=45374">"JTC 1/SC 34 – Document description and processing languages"</a>. <i>ISO</i>. 5 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLars_Marius_Garshol2003" class="citation web cs1">Lars Marius Garshol (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tmrdf.html#N121">"Living With Topic Maps and RDF"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Lutz Maicher and Jack Park: <cite>Charting the Topic Maps Research and Applications Landscape</cite>, Springer, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-32527-1</bdi></li>

<li>Jack Park and Sam Hunting: <cite>XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for the Web</cite>, Addison-Wesley, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-74960-2</bdi> (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630004121/http://www.topic-maps.org/cgi-bin/tmv_graph.pl?id=b1&path=bibmap.xtm">bibMap</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPassin2004" class="citation book cs1">Passin, Thomas B. (2004). <i>Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web</i>. Manning Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-932394-20-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Topic_Maps" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Topic Maps">Topic Maps</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topicmaps.org/">Information portal about Topic Maps</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/aa480048(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN">An Introduction to Topic Maps</a> at <a href="Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topicmapslab.de/">Topic Maps Lab</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IEC_standards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 family</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 series</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semantic_Web71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><small><a href="Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a></li>

<li><a href="GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li>

<li><a href="Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li>

<li><a href="Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li>

<li><a href="SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li>

<li><a href="Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BIBFRAME" title="BIBFRAME">BIBFRAME</a></li>

<li><a href="Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li>

<li><a href="HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li>

<li><a href="HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li>

<li><a href="HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li>

<li><a href="HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li>

<li><a href="HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Topic_map&oldid=1289007343">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>